Malana: World’s Oldest Democracy

High in Himachal Pradesh lies Malana, a village of secrets and ancient traditions. From its fabled origins as Alexander's descendants to its self-sufficient democracy, Malana guards a culture untouched by time. Shrouded in mystery, this secluded haven blends breathtaking beauty with a way of life that captivates and intrigues all who hear its story.

Nestled between Himachal Pradesh’s Jari and Khiksa thatch lies a small village that feels like a world of its own called Malana.

The people of Malana are known for their unique customs, centuries- old traditions and obviously the breathtaking natural beauty. It is a place steeped in history, culture, and fascinating traditions that set it apart from anywhere else on earth. Known as the "World’s Oldest Democracy," Malana’s story is as intriguing as the journey to reach it. The inhabitants of Malana speak a peculiar language of their own, called Kanashi/Raksh, which is entirely different from Pahari of Kullu and is a mixture of aboriginal Mundari and Tibetan.

One of the most remarkable things about Malana is its system of governance. The village operates a democratic setup that’s said to be the oldest in the world. They have their own version of parliament with two houses: the Upper House (Jaistang) and the Lower House (Kanishtang). Disputes and decisions are first handled by these houses. If no solution is reached, they turn to their deity, Jamlu Rishi (Jamdagni Rishi), whose verdict, delivered through a priest known as a Gur, is final and binding. This is what they do now but one of their age-old practices involved poisoning two goats to determine guilt—the goat that died first signified the losing party. While this method is no longer practiced, it highlights how spirituality and tradition are intertwined in their justice system.

Historically, the people of Malana have relied on unusual methods to resolve disputes and even continue to do so for most of the disputes in the village only during some cases now they have to seek help from the police. This blend of democracy and spirituality has governed the village for centuries, offering a glimpse into how deeply rooted traditions can shape a community.

Malana’s customs are as unique as its governance. Outsiders are considered untouchables, a rule strictly followed to protect the village’s cultural identity. Visitors cannot touch buildings, belongings and especially the temples but if they fail to do so they are heavily fined. Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, the villagers maintained strict isolation and reported no cases, reinforcing their faith in their customs and rules.

Malana’s origins are surrounded by intriguing legends. Many believe that the villagers are descendants of Alexander the Great’s soldiers, who settled here centuries ago. This theory is supported by the distinct facial features of the people and their unique customs. The village’s architecture, including temples over 100 years old, further reflects its rich history. The most revered among these temples is dedicated to Jamlu Rishi, the deity who plays a central role in the village’s spiritual and administrative life. Malana’s belief in Jamlu Rishi is so strong that they attribute natural disasters to his anger. According to legend, the deity once burned down 180 houses in the village.

There is a folklore story about how Jamlu Rishi caused snowfall in Agra once: It is said that during Akbar’s reign, soldiers were sent to Malana to collect taxes. However, the temple priest of sage Jamadagni allegedly refused to pay them. During the Mughal era, it was believed that all deities in the Kullu valley paid taxes as a mark of respect to sage Jamadagni. The idea of the priest paying taxes to the emperor was considered unacceptable. Despite this, the soldiers reportedly took a Takka (gold coin) from the temple by force.

According to the tale, Rishi Jamadagni was angered by this act. It is said that the gold coin taken as tax mysteriously started flying in Akbar’s treasury, leaving his officers astonished. Doubting the deity’s power, Akbar challenged Rishi Jamadagni to prove it by causing snowfall in Agra. The next day, a miracle was said to have occurred, and Agra, the Mughal capital, witnessed snowfall. Impressed by this divine intervention, Akbar is believed to have sent a gold idol of himself to the Malana temple as a gesture of respect.

Malana is also often called the "hash village" due to its renowned cannabis cultivation. Malana Cream, a type of hashish produced here, is famous worldwide. For two months during the hash harvest season, life in the village revolves entirely around this crop. Schools often remain closed, and the villagers focus on processing and selling their produce. Hemp is also used for making ropes, blankets, and other essentials, showcasing the resourcefulness of the community.

While Malana’s isolation has preserved its traditions, it also brings challenges. The village lacks basic infrastructure like roads. Education is limited, with children often missing school during the hash season. Marrying outside the community is strictly prohibited, and individuals who leave Malana rarely return. This collective focus on preserving their way of life often comes at the expense of personal freedom. However, the reliance on cannabis cultivation raises ethical and legal concerns. While some advocate for the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes, it remains a contentious issue.

For the villagers, hemp farming is not just a livelihood but a tradition they are proud of. Malana stands at a crossroads, caught between preserving its unique identity and adapting to the modern world. Younger generations are increasingly curious about life outside the village, leading to a quiet tension between tradition and change. While their democratic system and cultural practices are remarkable, the lack of access to education and healthcare poses significant challenges. Malana is more than just a village; it’s a living museum of ancient traditions and governance. Its breathtaking beauty, coupled with its fascinating history and culture, makes it a place like no other. As the world becomes more interconnected, the challenge for Malana will be to retain its identity while opening up to the benefits of modernity. For now, it remains a hidden gem—a testament to the enduring power of community and tradition in the face of change.

Freya Thakur is pursuing English Hons from Jamia Millia Islamia

Edited by- Nausheen Ali Nizami